Judul: Islam, Otoritarianisme, dan Ketertinggalan
Penulis: Ahmet T. Kuru
Penerjemah: Febry Ady Prasetyo
Penerbit: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia)
Cetakan: Pertama, Desember 2020
Tebal: xviii + 498 halamam
ISBN: 978-602-481-517-2
Peresensi: Abd. Rasyid
Karya Ahmet T. Kuru (selanjutnya disebut Kuru) yang terbit dalam format bahasa Indonesia setidaknya memberikan alternatif-alternatif baru dalam membahas terkait stigma-stigma yang melekat pada Islam. Buku asal dengan judul Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison (2019) tersebut, merupakan elaborasi dari guru besar dan direktur Center for Islamic and Arabic Studies di San Diego University yang mengurai tentang kritikan-kritikannya terhadap adagium-adagium yang mengasosiasikan agama Islam sebagai embrio awal yang menyebabkan negara-negara berpenduduk mayoritas Muslim menunjukkan tingkat otoritarianisme yang relatif tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara-negara lain.
Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, term “kekerasan”, “kebiadaban”, dan “keanarkisan”, seolah menjadi streotipe yang selalu disangkutpautkan dan diasosiakan dengan Islam. Pengasosiasian tersebut muncul bukan tanpa dasar, rentetan kasus yang terjadi seperti serta serangan teroris yang terstruktur –bom bunuh diri, penyanderaan, dan penembakan massal– yang terjadi di kota Paris dan Saint-Denis di Perancis pada November 2015 silam, selalu mengatasnamakan Islam, atau lebih tepatnya Islamic State of Iraq and Syiria (ISIS). Kasus tersebut setidaknya menjadi stimulasi awal dan alasan kewajaran streotipe atau konotasi negatif di atas selalu melekat pada Islam. Namun akan terkesan riskan dan terlalu simplistis untuk menyatakan bahwa ajaran Islam yang selalu mengajarkan dan menganjurkan kepada pengikutnya untuk bertindak secara keras. Faktanya, tidak semua penganut Islam bertindak dengan cara yang demikian. Artinya rentetan kasus di atas hanya diinisiasi oleh beberapa atau bahkan segelintir orang saja.
Menelaah Ungkapan, “Berbukalah Dengan Yang Manis-Manis”
Penyebab Ketertinggalan
Selain kritikin di atas, terdapat poin lain yang turut diamplifikasikan oleh Kuru sebagai antitesa terhadap tesis interpretasi orang-orang Barat yang mengkonotasikan Islam sebagai penyebab utama umat Muslim tertinggal, dibayang-bayangi dengan tindakan kekerasan, dan budaya otoritarianisme.
Hal lain tersebut adalah, ia berusaha untuk merekonstruksikan argumen bahwa kolonialisme menjadi menjadi salah satu dari sekian banyak penyebab ketertinggalan umat Islam. Kuru mengutip argumen Frantz Fanon yang menyatakan bahwa penjajahan yang dilakukan oleh Perancis terhadap Aljazair tidak banyak memberikan opsi bagi masyarakat di Aljazair selain mengambil langkah tegas untuk melawan (hal. 27).
Invasi atau “kolonialisme” yang digencarkan oleh pihak Barat terhadap negara yang mayoritas berpenduduk Muslim, bahkan boleh disebut Indonesia masuk dalam kubangan invasi tersebut. Invasi itulah yang kemudian menstimulasi perlawanan dari pihak Muslim dengan menggunakan alternatif lajur “kekerasan” untuk dapat membebaskan diri dan mendapatkan kembali harkat-martabat kemanusiaan mereka. Terdapat jutaan orang terbunuh dalam kekejaman bersejarah yang diinisiasi oleh pelbagai kelompok yang mengatasnamakan etnis, suku, ras, atau atas nama negara; mulai dari pembantaian yang dilakukan oleh bangsa Mongol, pemberontakan Taiping dan Dungan di Tiongkok hingga meletusnya dua perang dunia (hal.35-36).
Menurut Kuru, kekerasan –apapun itu bentuknya – merupakan kejadian yang tidak hanya disebabkan oleh satu faktor saja, artinya banyak faktor penyebab yang turut menjadi suksesi dari kekerasan itu sendiri. Dalam konteks kekerasan agama misalnya. Teks-teks yang ada dalam kitab suci tidak bisa dijadikan sebagai dalih pengambing-hitaman atas segala kekerasan yang terjadi. Lagi pula, teks tersebut memiliki multi-tafsir dan multi-interpretasi, yang menyesuaikan dengan pemahaman interpretatornya.
Intinya, ketika membahas terkait kekerasan, Kuru mengangkat dua poin yang dinilainya memiliki peran signifikan dalam masalah kekerasan yang terjadi diinternal Islam itu sendiri. Pertama, seperti telah dijelaskan di muka, adalah terkait dengan penafsiran tertentu tentang Islam, Jihadi-Salafisme, yang kemudian berkonsekuensi kepada pemahaman bahwa ayat-ayat al-Qur’an lebih memberikan nilai surplus pada tindakan-tindakan represif ketimbang tindakan persuasif (hal. 402). Kedua, minimnya kalangan intelktual Muslim pasif-persuasif (quietist) dalam membuat argumen tandingan terhadap kelompok Jihadi Salafi yang dianggap lebih aktif-represif. Sehingga meskipun kelompok puritan tersebut kalah jumlah, tetapi ajaran yang mereka bawa seolah lebih argumentatif dan memiliki legitimasi yang cukup kuat.
Faktor lain yang dicatat oleh Kuru adalah hegemoni yang dilakukan beberapa kalangan ulama, terutama terkait tentang penafsiran terhadap hukum-hukum Islam. Atau dalam istilahnya, Kuru menyebut ajaran yang diamplifikasikan oleh ulama-ulama kontemporer dalam mengajarkan sesuatu, umumnya berorientasi untuk melindungi “tradisi Islam” ketimbang menghasilkan perspektif Islam yang baru (hal.40).
Secara tidak langsung, jaringan ulama-ulama tersebut kemudian menginisiasi syarat ijtihad (membuat gagasan baru) dengan kualifikasi yang sangat kompleks, yang kemudian berdampak pada hilangnya kreativitas dan inovasi para penerus mereka. Jalan satu-satunya yang bisa ditempuh oleh mereka adalah merawat dan meneruskan tradisi Islam abad pertengahan ketimbang memproduksi perspektif Islam dengan metodologi yang lebih baru. Kuru menampilkan survei Pew Research Center 2013 yang menjelaskan persentasi yang sangat tinggi di negara-negara Muslim di Afrika, Timur Tengah, Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara yang mendukung hukuman mati bagi orang yang dengan sengaja keluar dari Islam (murtad) dan lebih mendukung terhadap penerapan syariah yang diproduksi dari pemikiran ulama abad pertengahan.
Jika ada ulama atau sarjana Muslim baru, kemudian mengajukan tesis atau argunentasi yang berbeda dengan yang telah mereka ajarkan, maka tanpa banyak pertimbangan, para ulama tersebut akan memusuhi bahkan dengan sengaja menghukum mereka. Para ulama itu, selama berabad-abad, juga “mengunci” beberapa doktrin Islam yang pokok hanya untuk satu arti (pemahaman) tunggal; tidak boleh diinterpretasikan dengan argumen lain. Padahal Al-Qur’an dalam banyak ayat-ayatnya sangat membuka ruang untuk kemungkinan pemahaman lain, tetapi ketika para ulama sudah membatasi sekaligus mengunci jalan tersebut, maka ayat al-Qur’an yang awalnya bersifat multi-interpretasi tersebut akan segera eksklusif dengan sendirinya. Konservatisme religius yang diinisiasi oleh para ulama inilah, yang dalam pandangan Kuru dan sebagian besar sarjana Muslim modern lain, yang menjadi alasan utama mengapa pemikiran Muslim menjadi stagnan, statis, dan mengalami kejumudan selama berabad-abad. Dampak lanjutannya, masyarakat Muslim belum bisa bersikap “cukup umur”, dinamis dan fleksibel secara intelektual untuk mengasilkan argumentasi tandingan terhadap propaganda argumen yang dibangun oleh kalangan-kalangan puritanis (hal.48).
Pada bagian yang lain, Kuru juga mengatakan romantisme hubungan antara ulama dan negara juga turut berperan dan bertanggung jawab atas terjadinya permasalahan utama dunia Muslim, yang menyebabkan dunia Muslim mengalami ketertinggalan serta menguatkan sendi-sendi otoriterisme. Jadi, meskipun Kuru tidak membantah secara eksplisit dampak negatif dari kolonialisme Barat, akan tetapi fakta yang bisa dilihat sekarang adalah kemunduran dunia Muslim memang sudah terjadi sejak dahulu, atau lebih tepatnya pada abad ke-11.
Faktor selanjutnya yang disebut oleh Kuru turut bertanggung-jawab dalam kemunduran serta tumbuh-kembangnya Islam adalah karena “otoritarianisme negara”. Dari sekian banyak negara yang mayoritas penduduknya Muslim, kebanyakan atau bahkan rata-rata dari mereka baru meraih kemerdekaanya. Mereka mendapat kemerdekaan dari kolonialisme pada pertengahan abad ke-20, dan ketika membentuk negara, baik berbentuk Republik atau Kerajaan, banyak yang jatuh menjadi “rezim otoriter”. Dalam sepanjang sejarahnya, Kuru menuturkan bahwa otoritarianisme pada negeri-negeri Muslim, apakah sistem negara mereka sekuler, Republik atau Islami ternyata melahirkan banyak konflik sipil, bahkan berujung pada tindakan terorisme.
Dari ketiga faktor di atas, tentu saja, ada banyak bentuk-bentuk lain yang dapat mengelaborasi terkait pertanyaan mengapa kaum Muslim sepanjang dua abad terakhir selalu tertinggal, kurang damai, kurang demokratis serta berada jauh di bawah negeri-negeri lain yang sudah melesat dan lebih maju. Ahmet T. Kuru hanya ingin berfokus pada ketiga faktor di atas: konservatisme religius yang dilakukan oleh elit Islam, otoritarianisme, dan radikalisme. Ketiga faktor inilah yang dengan segala konsekuensi logisnya dapat berakibat dan menyebabkan kaum Muslim sulit dalam mengembangkan pendidikan yang kaya akan metodologi, kreativitas dan nalar yang lebih inklusif, keberanian untuk menyampaikan argumen, penerimaan terhadap realitas yang heterogen dan seterusnya.
Sebagai langkah solutifnya, banyak preskripsi yang dapat ditempuh untuk mengakhiri problem turun-temurun; kekerasan, otoritarianisme, dan ketertinggalan di dunia Muslim. Preskripsi tersebut adalah hanya bisa ditempuh dengan satu cara, yaitu menumbuhsuburkan lahirnya kaum intelektual yang kaya perspektif, metodologi, dan memiliki kreativitas serta keahlian yang kompeten dalam segala bidangnya. Ketika kaum intelektual tersebut telah lahir dan tersebar disegala tempat, maka kekuasaan serta romantisme hubungan antara ulama dan otoritas negara yang menyebabkan dunia Islam tertinggal akan segera lenyap dan hilang dengan sendirinya.
Abd. Rasyid (Peresensi adalah kader aktif Lapmi dan Khalifah PIUSH)
I like the valuable information you provide
in your articles. I’ll bookmark your blog and check again here regularly.
I’m quite certain I’ll learn many new stuff right
here! Best of luck for the next!
Thanks for all of the labor on this site. Ellie really loves going through research and it is easy to see why.
Most people notice all relating to the powerful mode you offer precious ideas through your blog and as
well as improve contribution from other people on that content then our princess is without a doubt studying a lot of things.
Take pleasure in the rest of the year. You’re doing a splendid job.[X-N-E-W-L-I-N-S-P-I-N-X]I am extremely impressed with your
writing abilities and also with the format on your weblog.
Is this a paid subject matter or did you modify it yourself?
Either way keep up the nice high quality writing,
it is rare to look a nice blog like this one
nowadays.
Review my website … diabetic diet
I wanted to visit and allow you to know how considerably I treasured discovering your site today.
I will consider it a good honor to work at my workplace and be able to operate on the tips
provided on your web-site and also participate in visitors’ responses
like this. Should a position connected with guest author become
on offer at your end, make sure you let me know.
Feel free to visit my site: http://www.meteoritegarden.com
A lot of thanks for all your valuable work on this blog.
Debby delights in participating in investigation and it’s simple to grasp why.
Most of us learn all relating to the dynamic
form you render sensible guides via this website and
in addition increase participation from some others on that subject matter and my simple
princess is undoubtedly becoming educated a lot.
Enjoy the remaining portion of the new year.
You have been conducting a brilliant job.[X-N-E-W-L-I-N-S-P-I-N-X]I’m extremely
inspired along with your writing abilities as smartly as with
the structure for your blog. Is that this a paid subject matter or did you modify it your self?
Either way keep up the nice quality writing, it’s rare to see a nice weblog like this
one these days.
my web site :: weight loss diet
I really enjoy studying on this site, it has got good content.
my site ultrametabolism diet
I’ll immediately take hold of your rss feed as I can’t in finding your email subscription link or e-newsletter
service. Do you’ve any? Kindly permit me know in order that I could subscribe.
Thanks.
I’m gone to inform my little brother, that he should also visit this web site on regular basis to get updated from latest news.
Hello, I believe your blog could be having web browser compatibility issues.
Whenever I look at your site in Safari, it looks fine however,
if opening in IE, it’s got some overlapping issues. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up!
Aside from that, fantastic site!
You are so awesome! I do not think I have read through
a single thing like that before. So wonderful to find
someone with some genuine thoughts on this subject. Seriously..
thank you for starting this up. This website is one thing that
is needed on the internet, someone with some originality!
I was recommended this blog by way of my cousin. I am now
not sure whether this publish is written via him
as no one else recognise such particular about my problem.
You are incredible! Thank you!
Appreciate this post. Let me try it out.
Here is my page :: goal setting and weight loss
Spot on with this write-up, I truly think this
amazing site needs far more attention. I?ll probably be back again to read more,
thanks for the info!
Visit my site: weight loss-developing
Hi, I do believe this is a great blog. I stumbledupon it 😉 I may return once again since I book-marked it.
Money and freedom is the greatest way to change, may you be rich and continue to help others.
I’m not sure where you’re getting your info, but good topic.
I needs to spend some time learning much more or understanding more.
Thanks for fantastic information I was looking for this
info for my mission.
Simply wanna remark on few general things, The website style is perfect, the subject material is real excellent :D.
Here is my site; carbohydrate timing
Thank you for the good writeup. It actually used to be a amusement account it.
Glance advanced to more added agreeable from you! However,
how could we keep in touch?
Hi, i feel that i saw you visited my site thus i got here to go back the prefer?.I am attempting
to to find issues to improve my web site!I guess its good enough to use some of your
ideas!!
Also visit my web-site – http://163.30.42.16/~health2017/userinfo.php?uid=6138360
Appreciate the recommendation. Let me try it out.
Feel free to visit my web site :: lose weight fast
Very good information. Lucky me I came across your website by chance (stumbleupon).
I’ve saved it for later!
I blog quite often and I seriously thank you for your information. The article has truly peaked my interest.
I’m going to take a note of your site and keep checking for
new information about once a week. I opted in for your Feed as well.
I’ve been exploring for a little for any high quality articles or blog posts on this kind of area .
Exploring in Yahoo I finally stumbled upon this site.
Reading this information So i am happy to convey that I’ve
a very excellent uncanny feeling I came upon exactly what I needed.
I most without a doubt will make certain to don?t disregard this site and provides it a glance
on a constant basis.
Hi there would you mind letting me know which
webhost you’re working with? I’ve loaded your blog in 3
different web browsers and I must say this blog loads a lot faster then most.
Can you suggest a good web hosting provider at
a reasonable price? Kudos, I appreciate it!
I’d like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in penning this website.
I am hoping to check out the same high-grade content by you in the future as well.
In fact, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own website now 😉
Fantastic beat ! I would like to apprentice while you amend your web site,
how could i subscribe for a blog web site? The account helped me a acceptable deal.
I had been a little bit acquainted of this your broadcast
provided bright clear concept
You really make it seem so easy with your presentation but I in finding this matter to be really one thing which I think I would never understand.
It kind of feels too complex and extremely extensive for me.
I’m looking ahead on your subsequent put up, I’ll try to get the hold of it!
Every weekend i used to go to see this website, as i wish for
enjoyment, as this this website conations truly nice funny data too.
I have read so many articles on the topic of the blogger lovers
however this article is really a fastidious paragraph, keep it up.
Hi there, the whole thing is going sound here and ofcourse every one is sharing
information, that’s actually excellent, keep up writing.
Heya i am for the primary time here. I came across this board and I find It truly helpful & it helped me out much.
I hope to offer one thing back and aid others such as you helped
me.
Really no matter if someone doesn’t know then its up to other people that
they will assist, so here it happens.
I really like reading an article that can make people think.
Also, many thanks for allowing me to comment!
I am really enjoying the theme/design of your blog. Do you ever run into any browser compatibility issues?
A few of my blog visitors have complained about my site not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Safari.
Do you have any advice to help fix this problem?
Hi! This is kind of off topic but I nded some advice from an established blog.
Is it tough to seet up your own blog? I’m
not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty quick.
I’m thinking about setting up my own but I’m not sure
where to start. Do you have any points or suggestions?
Cheers
My site … garena free fire hack
First of all I want to say awesome blog! I had a quick question which
I’d like to ask if you do not mind. I was interested to find out
how you center yourself and clear your thoughts
before writing. I’ve had a hard time clearing my mind
in getting my ideas out there. I do enjoy writing but it just seems like the first 10 to 15 minutes are usually wasted simply just trying to figure out how to begin. Any ideas
or hints? Thanks!
Also visit my blog: Garena Free Fire Hack Generator
Heya superb blog! Does running a blog like this take a lot of work?
I’ve virtually no understanding of coding but I was hoping to start my own blog soon. Anyhow, should you have any ideas or tips for new blog owners
please share. I know this is off subject nevertheless I just needed to ask.
Many thanks!
Also visit my web site: http://rawperu.com
Wow, this piece of writing is nice, my younger sister is analyzing
these things, so I am going to let know her.
Good day! This is my 1st comment here so I just wanted to give a quick shout out and tell you I really enjoy reading your posts.
Can you suggest any other blogs/websites/forums that cover the
same subjects? Thank you!
Look at my page free fire free diamonds
I want to express thanks to the writer for bailing me
out of such a matter. Because of researching through the search engines and coming across thoughts which were not beneficial, I was thinking my
life was done. Existing without the strategies to the problems you have fixed through your article
content is a serious case, as well as ones that would have badly damaged my career if I hadn’t discovered your blog.
Your personal understanding and kindness in maneuvering a lot
of stuff was excellent. I am not sure what I would have done
if I had not encountered such a solution like this.
I can at this point look ahead to my future.
Thanks for your time so much for your expert and sensible guide.
I will not hesitate to suggest the website to anybody who needs guidelines about this topic.
Great post. I used to be checking constantly this blog and I’m inspired!
Very useful information specially the last section :
) I care for such information a lot. I used to be seeking this particular
info for a long time. Thank you and good luck.
Hi! This is my first comment here so I just wanted to give
a quick shout out and say I genuinely enjoy reading your blog
posts. Can you suggest any other blogs/websites/forums that cover the
same subjects? Appreciate it!
Feel free to surf to my web blog; garena free fire free diamonds
Link exchange is nothing else but it is just placing the other person’s webpage link on your page at proper place
and other person will also do same for you.
Some truly excellent articles on this site, regards for
contribution.
Does your site have a contact page? I’m having problems locating it but, I’d like to
shoot you an email. I’ve got some ideas for your blog you might
be interested in hearing. Either way, great site and I look forward to
seeing it improve over time.
Heya i’m for the first time here. I came across this board and
I find It really useful & it helped me out much. I hope to provide something again and aid others such as you
helped me.
I?m not that much of a online reader to be honest but your blogs really nice, keep it up!
I’ll go ahead and bookmark your site to come back in the future.
Cheers
I believe other website proprietors should take this web site as
an example, very clean and wonderful user pleasant pattern.
whoah this weblog is fantastic i really like reading your posts. Keep up the good work! You know, many individuals are searching round for this information, you could help them greatly.
Perfect. This article was absolutely what I have been searching for.
Great post.
I do not even know the way I stopped up right here, but
I thought this put up was great. I don’t know who you’re but certainly you’re going to a well-known blogger
should you aren’t already. Cheers!
What’s up everyone, it’s my first visit at this web site, and article is really fruitful designed for me, keep
up posting such articles.
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew
of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates.
I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have
some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything.
I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
My brother suggested I might like this blog.
He was totally right. This post actually made my day.
You cann’t imagine simply how much time I had spent for this information! Thanks!
Great blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from
somewhere? A theme like yours with a few simple adjustements
would really make my blog stand out. Please let me know where
you got your theme. Appreciate it
I was curious if you ever thought of changing the layout of
your site? Its very well written; I love what youve got to say.
But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so people could connect with it better.
Youve got an awful lot of text for only having 1 or two images.
Maybe you could space it out better?
Superb, what a webpage it is! This blog gives useful facts to us, keep it up.
It’s a shame you don’t have a donate button! I’d
most certainly donate to this brilliant blog! I suppose for now i’ll settle for book-marking and adding your RSS
feed to my Google account. I look forward to brand new updates and will share this site
with my Facebook group. Chat soon!
This design is spectacular! You certainly know how to keep a reader entertained.
Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my
own blog (well, almost…HaHa!) Excellent job. I really loved what you had to say, and more than that,
how you presented it. Too cool!
Excellent weblog right here! Also your site lots up very fast!
What web host are you the use of? Can I get your
affiliate hyperlink on your host? I wish my site loaded up as quickly as yours lol
This piece of writing provides clear idea in favor
of the new visitors of blogging, that in fact how to do blogging.
Hey there! I just wanted to ask if you ever have any issues with hackers?
My last blog (wordpress) was hacked and I ended up losing a few months of hard work due to no back up.
Do you have any methods to protect against hackers?